Romantic Nuptial Knot - Swayamvar Or Gandharva Vivaha
When we are in the month of
International Woman’s Day, my heart goes out to dedicate one more post to the woman’s lib or liberation of woman as
I am increasingly realizes that I am not
a male chauvinist pig. At the time of
arranged marriages mostly decided by the parents, we can discuss woman’s role
in choosing the bridegroom from the yester years’ prevalent customs in Sanskrit
literature such as “Swayamvar” and “Gandharva Vivaha”. An opportunity to decide life’s most
crucial selection by the femme fatale and the prince charming volunteering as a
suitor.
Sita Swayamvar
King
Janaka was the ruler of Videha. Janaka
was not only a brave King but was also very well-versed in Shastras and
Vedas. One day while a field was being
ploughed in the presence of the King, he found a female child in deep furrow
dug by the plough. Janaka and his wife
Sunayana were overjoyed by this discovery and adopted the little baby girl as
their own. The child was named as Sita,
meaning ‘furrow’ in Sanskrit. Thus, Sita
is considered to be the daughter
of Bhumi Devi (Mother Earth) since she was born or found in the earth.
Sita grew up to become an unparalleled beauty and charm and possessed the greatest of womanly virtues. When Sita became of marriageable age, the King decided to have a “Swayamvara” which included a contest. The King was in possession of an immensely heavy bow, presented to him by the God Shiva. Whoever could wield the bow and string it, could marry Sita.
After the protection of Vishwamitra’s sacred ritual, on their way back to Ayodhya, Ram and Lakshmana traveled to Mithila, the capital of Videha. Accompanied by Vishwamitra, they attended Sita’s “Swayamvara”. Rama successfully broke Shiva’s bow as he picked it up and was examining the tautness of its bowstring. It must be noted here that the other contestants could not even move the bow a bit. The young prince’s strength and courage perplexed all the attendees. And with the breaking of the bow, Janaka proposed Sita to Rama in marriage. Thus, Sita and Rama’s Swayamvar happened.
The
Curse of Ahalya
A poetry tit bit by famous Mallu
Poet, Vayalar Rama Varma. This poet and
lyricist influenced the writer to a greater extent from my teens and was mersmerised by his ability to
convert synonyms or adjectives tantalizingly
and alluringly beautiful.
“Sita Devi
swayamvaram chaidhoru
Thretha yugathile sreeraman
Kaal viral kondunnu thottappol pandu
Kattile kalloru mohiniyaay.”
The Sreeram of Treta
Yug
Who married Sita in swayamvar
When touched a stone with his toe,
in the forest, it
turned an Apsara,
the celestial nymph.
Ahalya, in Hindu mythology is
the wife of sage Gautama Maharishi. Ahalya is the most beautiful woman in the
entire universe. Lord Indra was
fascinated by the beauty of Ahalya and comes to her home disguised as her
husband sage Gautama Maharishi and enjoys sex with her. They were caught
red-handed by the sage and an enraged saint Gautama Maharishi cursed both Indra
and Ahalya. Due to the curse she turned
to become a stone. Finally, when Lord
Rama’s feet brushed against the stone while he was travelling through the forest site, and Ahalya
was freed from the curse and turned from the stone into the beautiful maiden
once again.
NALA DAMAYANTHI - An Epic Love Story – (Swayamvar)
Another epic love story of Swayamvar is that of Nala and Damayanthi.
The famous Mallu Poet Vayalar Rama Varma sang -
“Chumbikkan oru shalabhamundenile
Youvvanam surabhilamaagu, Poovinu
Youvvanam surablhilamaagu.”
To make the youth meaningful,
The flower must have a butterfly
To feast its honey.
Though the “Swayamvar” was
arranged by the father of the bride with a contest to win for the suitors, the
“Gandharva Vivaha” was one of the eight classical types of Hindu marriages,
wherein the man and woman are mutually attracted to each other and marriage
takes place without family and witnesses.
In “Gandharva Vivaha” the girl chose her husband.
- Brahma marriage
- Daiva marriage
- Arsha marriage
- Prajapatya marriage ·
- Gandharva marriage
- Asura marriage
- Rakshasa marriage
- Paisacha marriage
Polygamy and Bigamy were
prevalent in ancient Indian mythology like Draupati or Panchali having five
husbands at a time and King Dasaratha
had 50,000 wives and Lord Krishna 10008 wives.
The epitome of virility and a
celebrated manhood, you can guess the sexually potent genre and their
machismo. Sex is a joyful art presented
to humans by god.
You can see in the nature various
animals, birds and living beings procreates and copulates with their mates in
the abundant splendor. They primarily
exists for the service and benefit of humans.
ABHIJNANASAKUNTALAM - A GANDHARVA VIVAHA
The marriage of Dushyant and Sakuntala
was a historically celebrated example of “Gandharva Vivaha.”
The famous mallu poet Vayalar sang
about Sankuntala -
Muni kumarikayallo njan verumoru
Munikumarigayallo.”
He further wrote –
“Swarnaththamarayithalil orangum
Kannvathapovana kanyake
Aarude anuragamalliga nee
Aarude swayamvara kanyaka nee…”
That hermitage virgin who sleeps
In the golden lotus petal
Oh! Whose
beautiful love bud you are,
Whose Swayamvar suitor you are.
The Recognition of Shakuntala
written by the greatest of the ancient Indian playwright Kalidasa from the 5th
century offers a classic introduction to Indian theater and aesthetics. A king encounters a lovely maiden by chance,
and the course of their passionate love sweeps the audience from a forest
hermitage to a dazzling palace to ethereal celestial realms. Abhijanasakuntalam is the first Indian play
ever to be translated into western languages.
It is for the very first time translated in English language by Sir
William Jones in the year 1789. Later on, there were at least 46 translations
of this play by Kalidasa in 12 different European languages.
The beautiful and innocent
hermitage maiden Sakuntala in the company of her friends plays with deer and
other pet animals and birds in the forest.
Sakuntala's is a great story of love and romance.
Long ago there was a powerful sage named Vishwamitra who lived a life of austerities, was drawn in a meditation. The gods feared that he will even outshine them, Lord Indra sends one of his most gorgeous heavenly damsels Menaka to earth to disturb his devotions. The first seduction game in the history of human race and Menaka succeeds in seducing Vishwamitra and a beautiful daughter is born to them. Infuriated at the loss of his chastity Vishwamitra turned down Menaka and her daughter. Knowing that she cannot take her child to heaven, Menaka abandons the new born infant in the forest.
As fate would have it, Sage
Kanava happened to pass by the forest and sees the baby girl surrounded by
Shakunta birds. He names her Sakuntala
meaning one who fed by Sankunta bird. Sakuntala
grew up as a young beautiful maiden like her mother Menaka. One day King Dushyant after a deer hunt
happens to pass by Sage Kanava’s hermitage and meets Sakuntala. Dushyant instantly falls for Sakuntala and
they were both attracted to each other. They secretly wed in the ceremony of
“Gandharva Vivaha” with only mother nature as witness and enters into blissful
matrimony.
After few days King Dushyant comes
to know about the unrest in his kingdom and head towards his country after
presenting a signet ring to Sakuntala and promises to send an envoy to take her
to the palace.
One day Sage Durvasav, infamous
for his mercurial anger, stops by the hut for hospitality. Lost in her romantic love thoughts Sakuntala
fails to acknowledge his presence. This
infuriates the temperamental sage and he censures Sakuntala, cursing that the
one whom she is thinking about will forget her.
Sakuntala begs for mercy and explains her situation. On the plea of Sakuntala and her friends, the
sage relents and says that if the King sees any significant souvenir that he
gave her, he will remember everything.
After the months of waiting, when
she fails to hear anything from the King, Sage Kanava arranges a visit by Sakuntala
to the royal court of King Dushyant. On
her way, she stops to drink water from a lake and she loses her ring in the
water and was swallowed by a fish. She
reaches the royal palace, but Dushyant fails to recognize her because of the
curse. A dejected Sakuntala returns to
the forest. After sometime an angler
finds the ring in the stomach of a fish.
He immediately takes it to the King, who on seeing the ring recalls everything
and rushes to bring Sakuntala to his palace from the hermitage. Later, Sakuntala gives birth to a son and
they named him Bharat after whom India got her name Bharat.
NJAN GANDHARVAN
Njan Gandharvan OR “I am Gandharva “ is a 1991 Malayalam fantasy romance film. The film depicts the life of Gandharvas and
a beautiful young girl who falls for the Gandharva and their romantic fantasy
love story directed by the renowned Malayalam Film Director, Late Padmarajan. The Film has won many awards.
God created man and also woman as
his partner. They loved and shared
tender feelings and penetratingly infused soaking in deeper breath into each
other. In “Gandharva Vivaha” the girl
rests the right to choose her husband.
Gandharvas are the subjects of
Devalok (Heaven). They sing songs to
entertain the Gods and serve Amrut, an intoxicating beverage to the Gods of
Indra sadas. When a Gandharva commit a
sin, he is cursed by the Gods and send to earth as punishment for a certain
period. A journey from heaven to
hell. After landing on the earth they
seduce the most beautiful virgin girls and marries them in secret. However, Gandharva can go back to heaven as
soon as he is freed from the curse.
It is said that marriages take
place in heaven. In this case, the
Gandharva from the heaven comes down to earth in search of his partner and
secretly marries his chosen beautiful nymphet.
My pick of Romantic Hero of Hindi
films is Rajesh Khanna and Romantic Director, the late Yash Chopra. The
onscreen chemistry of Hrithik Roshan and Aishwaray Rai Bachchan is fantastic.
However, there is a role reversal
in Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. In Utopia,
the bridegroom enter the boudoir of the bride and takes a view of her sleeping
beauty without a twine on her body.
Thus, satisfied with a close look he makes up his mind for
marriage. Though this may seem
primitive, and unrealistic such an exposure was envisaged by Sir Thomas More
for bridal selection.
In the current context, all that
is required is an ability to judge and make a selection foreseeing the
unbreakable fortress of marriage. The
mutual attraction and desire to enter into a wedlock within the acceptable
norms of the society with an assured financial security is seen as welcome
sign. The marriage with parental
guidance seems to be the most befitting one for endurance.
However, a couple with renewed
vigor and steam passionately engaged in beautiful love can have an enviable
marital bliss which lasts forever and requires lesser sacrifices and adjustments
from both the partners as they are deeply in love for a prolonged period.
The romance conquers all alike in
“Swayamvar” and “Gandharva Vivaha”
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